A team led by researchers at Baylor College of Medicine found that not only do individual mammalian cells in a population fail to respond synchronously to estrogen stimulation, neither do individual gene copies, known as alleles. The findings, published in the recent edition of the journal Nucleic Acids Research, also showed that neither the level of estrogen receptor nor its activation status determined asynchronous cellular responses.
However, a small molecule inhibitor of selected estrogen coregulators increased the response of individual alleles to hormone, establishing a previously unrecognized mode of regulation of estro-gen-induced gene activation at the single cell level.
“Estrogen is a type of steroid hormone that modulates a large number of biological functions, both in males and females, by regulating the activity of hundreds of genes per cell,” said first au-thor Dr. Fabio Stossi, associate professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and technical direc-tor of the Integrated Microscopy Core at Baylor.
A great deal is known about how estrogen triggers its effects. It binds to a nuclear transcription factor (estrogen receptor, or ER), which in turn interacts with specific DNA sequences facilitating the recruitment of coregulators that participate in the regulation of gene expression. It was as-sumed that this process would likely happen simultaneously in all the ER-containing cells in a population that was stimulated with estrogen, but little was known of how actual single cells or individual copies of the same gene responded. Which is why researchers did not anticipate these finding at the single cell level.
Looking at individual cells and alleles
“In the current study, we worked with human breast cancer cell lines grown in the lab. Using both molecular and imaging analyses, we determined, at single cell and allele levels, the expres-sion of two well-characterized genes, GREB1 and MYC, whose activity is regulated by estro-gen,” said corresponding author, Dr. Michael A. Mancini, professor of Molecular and Cellular Bi-ology, and Pharmacology and Chemical Biology at Baylor. Mancini is also the academic director of the long-running Integrated Microscopy Core (IMC) at Baylor and director of the recently-formed GCC Center for Advanced Microscopy and Image Informatics (CAMII), a CPRIT-funded resource across Baylor and the Texas A&M Institute for Bioscience and Technology.
The researchers incubated the cells in the lab and treated them with estrogen. Then they looked at the expression of GREB1 and MYC genes in individual cells, and at the expression of individ-ual alleles in each cell. As expected, they found that estrogen activated GREB1 and MYC genes quickly, within 15 minutes, but there was an unexpected and marked asynchronous response to hormone simulation at both the individual cell and allele levels.
“Our analyses showed that gene activation of cells in a population appeared more random than we expected. In single cells, the response of each copy of the gene was independent from that of its neighboring cells. In some cells, no alleles of the genes were active, whereas cells next to them would have some or all their gene copies active,” Stossi said.
Nevertheless, the researchers explained, that although these findings had not been described before in estrogen receptor biology, they were not a complete surprise.
Studies in genetically identical bacteria have shown that, when subjected to the same treatment, not all the bacteria respond the same way. This is called phenotypical heterogeneity.
“We have been interrogating mechanisms of action of ER via state-of-the-art imaging/analysis since the 90’s, with continual improvements in our resources as they are developed or when they come to market, but these recent studies have uncovered novel characteristics of estrogen ac-tion in mammalian cells for the first time,” Mancini said. “Having phenotypical heterogeneity con-fers an important adaptation strategy to cell populations, whether they are cancerous or normal. If all the cells in a population responded the same way to a harmful stimulus, for instance, by stopping an essential function, then they would not have the capability of surviving. But respond-ing differently may allow some cells to survive.”
What causes an asynchronous response?
The next experiments intended to determine what caused asynchronous estrogen-triggered gene activation. Since the imaging and image analysis routines that were developed and used were amenable to the fully automated, high throughput imaging/analysis platforms within the IMC and CAMII, we had a unique opportunity to explore this question.
First, the researchers hypothesized that cells responded differently to estrogen because the number of estrogen receptors per cell varied. They were surprised to find out that the number of the estrogen receptors expressed in cells was not strictly dictating whether a cell was going to activate the target genes. Then, the researchers investigated whether the cellular response to estrogen depended on the activation status of the estrogen receptor using a patient-linked, con-stitutively-active receptor, but again, they found no correlation.
Next, the researchers explored the possibility that estrogen receptor coregulators were involved in modulating the allele-by-allele response to estrogen. Utilizing the automated high throughput resources of the IMC/CAMII, they tested a collection of small molecule epigenetic inhibitors and identified one, called MS049, an inhibitor of two protein arginine methyltransferases, that mark-edly increased the expected number of active alleles per cell under estrogen stimulation, in a gene-specific manner.
“For the first time we were able to alter the nature of the estrogenic response at the allele level, indicating that there are pathways that serve as rheostats to maintain variability of response to a stimulus, thus preventing maximal and uniform behavior in a population of cells,” Stossi said. “These findings suggested that modifying the activity of coregulators can tweak the variation of allele-by-allele hormonal responses in a gene-specific manner.”
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